what is maintainability in computer science

The quality of good software design heavily effective the quality of software. For example, a laptop is a good example of a portable computer.. 2. Professor, Department of Computer Science, Maharishi University, Lucknow. Software Maintainability Estimation in Agile Software ... This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a . So, it is a special-purpose quality model, which is presented, for the benefits and betterment of that company. Evaluating Maintainability of Open Source Software: A Case ... Predicting Maintainability with Software Quality Metrics. The Students learn how to analyze, design, build, test, and deploy computer . To illustrate how the methodology works, our work focuses on the software qualities of maintainability and performance. Step 1 − Start. Problem: Create an algorithm that multiplies two numbers and displays the output. Maintainability is the parameter concerned with how the system in use can be restored after a failure, while also considering concepts like preventive maintenance and Built-In-Test (BIT), required maintainer skill level, and support equipment. IV.E Modeling Non-functional Requirements (NFRs). str (x) - Converts object x to a string representation. Computer science deals with the theories and methods used in computer and software systems, while Software Engineering deals with the practical problems faced when producing the software. FURPS: The FURPS quality model is made and stretched to be cast-off in the IBM Rational Software Company. Portability may refer to any of the following:. Some computer science jobs should grow even more quickly: The BLS projects a 22% growth in jobs for software developers and a 31% increase in positions for information security analysts. In contrast, here's a quite brilliant such study about fault prediction: https . A better model is needed to quantify the effect of maintainability design characteristics on TTR. There are four types of maintenance, namely, corrective, adaptive, perfective, and preventive. This course is an introduction to the fundamental concepts and terms of computer science, including algorithms, problem solving techniques, data types, concept of loops, conditional statements, modular programming, pointers, arrays, strings, basic file processing, structures and simple classes. Portability may refer to any of the following:. Cohesion (computer science) In computer programming, cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements inside a module belong together. Good information to have in a header includes: The original author of the code. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusion. Adaptive maintenance is concerned with the change in the software that takes place to make the software adaptable to new environment such as to run the software on a new operating system. . In real-time computing, dependability is the ability to provide services that can be trusted within a time-period. Major. It is a special case of engineering overhead. PDF Lecture 17: Requirements Specifications Fritz Bauer defined it as 'the establishment and used standard engineering principles. Software engineering emerged in the late 1960s as a new engineering discipline concerned with all aspects pertaining to software production. Software Engineering Chapter 1. Flashcards | Quizlet Requirements Risk and Maintainability: 10.4018/978-1-59140-047-9.ch007: In order to continue to make progress in software measurement as it pertains to reliability and maintainability, we must shift the emphasis from design and The Bachelor of Science in Computer Science program prepares students for careers in computer science through learning based on practice and grounded in theory. Henry, Sallie M. and Wake, Steven A. float (x) - Converts x to a floating-point number. Failures during production testing will be reported and managed in accordance with the Company Quality Manual. Clearly they don't. In the US, 88,000 computer science degrees are earned every year. The service guarantees must hold even when the system is subject to attacks or natural . What are the two fundamental types of software product? Capacity Headers. Design for Maintainability (DfM) is the first step of an effective maintenance program, linking maintenance goals to the design process. 2. An introduction to computer science, based on the principles of computational thinking. Service maintenance is the most tedious and longest phase of service lifecycle. Career Outlook and Salary Potential in Computer Science. This program equips students to continue their education in the computer science field or to enter the workforce. ~Generic products that are designed to meet the needs of many different customers. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Vol. For example, a laptop is a good example of a portable computer.. 2. 2.7 Production reliability assurance There are lots of code metrics that claim to measure maintainability, e.g. Maintainability, in general, refers to how these operations can be carried out effectively. Career Outlook and Salary Potential in Computer Science. Therefore, there is a need to measure the quality and specifically the maintainability of such code. Moreover, to observe the most effective metrics that directly affects the maintainability of software. The phrase was originally used by International Business Machines () as a term to describe the robustness of their mainframe computers. The The tuition for international students is £24,120. Design for Maintainability emphasizes the importance of timely integration of design and construction knowledge with operations and maintenance (O&M) experiences into project designs at an early stage. Computer Science, B.S. CASTING. Service Evolution and Maintainability: 10.4018/978-1-60566-042-4.ch015: Change is the only constant, and this concept holds good for services too. Enhancing Reusability and Maintainability in Object-Oriented Languages Li XuanDong and Zheng GuoLiang Department of Computer Science Nanjing University, Nanjing Jiangsu, P.R.China 210093 [2] Encapsulation and Inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming Languages :Alan Snyder [3] Open Issues in Object-Oriented Programming: OLE LEHRMANN MADSEN ~Maintainability, ~Dependability and security, ~Efficiency and acceptability. We begin with source code that has been deliberately made to be as horrible as possible in terms of maintainability. SOFTWARE MAINTAINABILITY AND ITS MEASUREMENT METRICS The main objective of any software is to offer desired services according to the predetermined quality level. More formally, the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology defines maintainability as: "The ease with which a software system or component can be modified to correct faults, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment." The maintainability of software depends on a few different factors. To explore more such interesting basic computer questions, you can check the below worksheets: Basic Computer Questions on Computer Parts Names Modeling, implementation . It does do a type of magic - It can change one type of data into another! The Associate in Science (A.S.) in Computer Science provides students with an understanding of the theory that underlies the existence, organization and applications of computers. Step 4 − multiply values of x & y. Abstract—The importance of quality is important for maintainable software. Programming languages generally allow you to mark blocks of text within a program which the computer will ignore when it runs or compiles the code. Some computer science jobs should grow even more quickly: The BLS projects a 22% growth in jobs for software developers and a 31% increase in positions for information security analysts. Understanding Nature through Observation About real things like bowling balls, black holes, antimatter, electrons, comets, etc. wahjudi@marshall.edu. Reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS), also known as reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM), is a computer hardware engineering term involving reliability engineering, high availability, and serviceability design. Assuring Maintainability in Model-Driven Development of Embedded Systems: 10.4018/978-1-60566-006-6.ch014: In model-driven software development as much as in classical code-driven development maintenance costs make up the bulk of the total life cycle costs of a To improve the speed or performance To port it so that it will run on a different CPU or Operating System The process of ensuring that code can be easily amended or updated is called Maintainablility. Non-functional requirements (also known as quality requirements) are generally more difficult to express in a measurable way, making them more difficult to analyze.In particular, NFRs tend to be properties of a system as a whole, and . It encompasses concepts, principles, theories, techniques and tools that can be used for developing high . Clearly they don't. In the US, 88,000 computer science degrees are earned every year. Computer programs, in turn, consist of algorithms (or procedures) applied to various types of data. What is the distinction between computer science and software engineering? Should not cause physical or economic damage. 7, July 2016 Critical evaluation of Maintainability Parameters using code metrics Bhawana Mathur Manju Kaushik Dept. Students will . Reliability and maintainability achievement will be monitored during all development testing. When referring to computer hardware, portability describes an external device that can be moved from one place to another without disrupting its operation. In computer science, overhead is generally considered any combination of excess or indirect computation time, memory, bandwidth, or other resources that are required to attain a particular goal. Section 4 deals with the ranking of SASs. Maintainability; This feature indicates the average time and ease and rapidity with which a system can be restored after a failure. NASA's Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) program ensures that the systems within NASA's spaceflight programs and projects perform as required throughout their life cycles to satisfy mission objectives. computer science - theory and fundamentals software engineering - practicalities of developing and delivering useful software. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): Abstract—There is always has been a demand to provide efficient and effective high quality software. A number of universities throughout the world have departments of reliability engineering (which also address maintainability and availability) and more have research groups and courses in reliability and safety - often within the context of another discipline such as computer science, systems engineering, civil engineering, mechanical . To the extent that we have cooked in an appropriate amount of all these things, the code base is maintainable. One of the claimed advantages of object-oriented paradigm is . All in all, it takes 1.8 million people working full time to make happen, which means the collective educational institutions of the world need to churn out 1.8 million new software developers per year to keep up with maintenance. Now, use an example to learn how to write algorithms. Bashar Nuseibeh, Steve Easterbrook, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003. Corrective maintenance is concerned with fixing errors that are observed when the software is in use. He is an adjunct professor of computer science and computer programming. Computer Science Masters/MSc degree from the University of Birmingham. Maintain Personal Computer-Based Automated Test System; Maintain Production Schedules; maintain state; maintain state; maintain . The Handbook of RAMS in Railway Systems: Theory and Practice addresses the complexity in today's railway systems, which use computers and electromechanical components to increase efficiency while ensuring a high level of safety. Show activity on this post. Maintainability, Dependability/Security, and Acceptability(Meets all requirements) . The duration of the program is one year. In another sense, it is a measure of the . Step 5 − store result of step 4 to z. One very popular use for comments is to add a header at the very start of the code. Maintainability definition: the facility with which something can be maintained | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples A computer is an electronic device that is used for storing and processing information. Maintainability. From 2019 to 2029, the BLS projects that the U.S. will add 531,200 new computer and information technology jobs, an 11% growth.. tains 1. . The domains are: education, business and game. Code maintainability is the synergy realized when we apply all those coding axioms, rules of thumb, principles, etc. In fact, from the definition of system reliability and by the properties of event probabilities, it follows: A note about Germany: While the education system in English-speaking countries at least offers the distinction between computer science and software engineering, the German education system almost exclusively talks about "Informatik" (information science) meaning the science of systematic information processing. To the extent that we have cooked in an appropriate amount of all these things, the code base is maintainable. In the earliest stages of software development, artifacts may be created by the design team to serve a symbolic role to show the project sponsor how serious the contractor is about meeting the project's needs. software written to be evolved with change. 0.975 = 0.941. Discover the opportunities in this field and what educational paths can help prepare you for this field. A note about Germany: While the education system in English-speaking countries at least offers the distinction between computer science and software engineering, the German education system almost exclusively talks about "Informatik" (information science) meaning the science of systematic information processing. 15-110: Principles of Computer Science. [Bryant, Stehlik, Sutner, Introductory Computer Science Education at Effective maintainability of software products may assist to software developers for improve the quality of software system. Software architecture is the blueprint of a software system. . . Dependability and Security. Maintainability Maintainability can be defined as "the degree of facility with which an equipment or system is capable of being retained in, or restored to, serviceable operation. The role can be either practical or symbolic. Computer Science is a useful tool for doing real science, but not a real science Engineering? In this lesson, you will learn about the different styles of software architecture like data-centric, layered and object-oriented styles. Service maintenance is the most tedious and longest phase of service lifecycle. It is a special case of engineering overhead. All in all, it takes 1.8 million people working full time to make happen, which means the collective educational institutions of the world need to churn out 1.8 million new software developers per year to keep up with maintenance. maintainability, and reusability. A module is a separate software component. A term used to describe an object that can be easily moved, such as a portable computer. 1. Learn about this phase of the software development life cycle and how important it actually is in the grand scheme. However, it seems elusive to me to find a meta-study that compares different metrics to decide their current empirical status. These are called 'comments'. IEEE, in its standard 610.12-1990, defines software engineering as the application of a systematic, disciplined, which is a computable approach for the development, operation, and maintenance of software. From: Product Development (Second Edition), 2014 Download as PDF About this page Maintainability G.W.A. of CS&E Dept. Maintainability is an important issues Explore the world of software requirements engineering. Maintainable code. The program provides students with a solid foundation in both the fundamentals of computer science and practical software development skills with a choice of in-depth optional modules. Maintainability of computer code, our material includes an introduction video, full theory notes, lesson tasks and to help revise there is a quiz, exam revision questions and flashcard THE education site for computer science and ICT The 3D printing process, in basic terms, includes the following steps: The manufacturer creates a digital model of the object to be produced, normally by using a computer-aided design (CAD) program and employing some form of 3D scanning. Dummer MBE, CEng, FIEE, FIEEE, . Maintainability is a statistical measure of the time to restore the system to fully operational status after it has experienced a fault. You will be able to explain the . Department of Computer Science York University Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada billa@cs.yorku.ca Abstract: We propose a general methodology for evaluating and improving the quality of a software system. Code maintainability is the synergy realized when we apply all those coding axioms, rules of thumb, principles, etc. However, maintainability design characteristics may have a significant influence on maintainability performance. float (x) - Converts x to a floating-point number. The Non- Maintainability The purpose of maintainability is to ensure that, over time, a program can be easily maintained. RAM (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability) addresses the specifications and standards that manufacturers and operators have to meet. This paper aims to develop a multiple linear regression model for maintainability analysis considering maintainability design attributes. Boehm's Model: While Boehm concentrates on the levels based upon the characteristics of the product. In computer science, overhead is generally considered any combination of excess or indirect computation time, memory, bandwidth, or other resources that are required to attain a particular goal. This paper discusses the maintainability for the three domains of the open source software. Many taking this course will be nonmajors, but we will also use it as the entry point for any entering student with limited programming experience. In systems engineering, dependability is a measure of a system's availability, reliability, maintainability, and in some cases, other characteristics such as durability, safety and security. When we write code, we should be using meaningful identifiers, indentation and internal commentary. A term used to describe an object that can be easily moved, such as a portable computer. In other parts of the program the name may refer to a different entity (it may have a different binding), or to nothing at all (it may be unbound). Malicious users should not be able to access Four Year Plan. Reliability and Maintainability. It can often be used in a variety of applications and functions with other components of the system. Step 3 − define values of x & y. It is more art than science. There are a lot of interesting facts to learn about computers along with its functions. Step 2 − declare three integers x, y & z. This header can describe the program as a whole. In this lesson, we will define dependability (trustworthiness) of an information system. A programmer may decide to return to a program they wrote some time before in order. In computer programming, the scope of a name binding—an association of a name to an entity, such as a variable—is the part of a program where the name binding is valid, that is where the name can be used to refer to the entity. Step 6 − print z. Similar functions are grouped in the same unit of programming code and separate functions are developed . GCSE Computer Science 9-1 OCR J276 Maintainability of source code. Service Evolution and Maintainability: 10.4018/978-1-60566-042-4.ch015: Change is the only constant, and this concept holds good for services too. 1. This allows software. Modular programming is the process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs. There are various maintainability objects to provide better maintainability. Check out numerous related articles and educational programs related to this area. Contact: Dr. Paulus Wahjudi, Chair. The CAD model is converted into an appropriate file format, such as STL (stereolithography). Overview. When referring to computer hardware, portability describes an external device that can be moved from one place to another without disrupting its operation. Recoverability; Recoverability is the ability to recover from a crash or a failure in the system and returning to full operations. Mission objectives include safety, mission success and sustainability criteria. Maintainability Software should be easily understood by another programmer. The computer language used is PHP but that does not matter, as the same approach should be used whether you are writing in Python, Java, Assembly language or anything else. Appendix 6 Reliability, Maintainability (and Safety) Plan Example 471 project. Technical Report TR-88-46, Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In one sense, it is a measure of the strength of relationship between the methods and data of a class and some unifying purpose or concept served by that class. Students will use a high-level computer . 14, No. Comments. For the whole development life cycle, it has been observed that up to 60-70% of effort and time is utilized in the maintenance of the product, making it the most expensive activity in the development lifecycle of software given by IEEE (1993). University of Toronto Department of Computer Science © 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. From 2019 to 2029, the BLS projects that the U.S. will add 531,200 new computer and information technology jobs, an 11% growth.. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 185 2. It is more art than science. (1988) Predicting Maintainability with Software Quality Metrics. of CS&E JECRC University JECRC University Jaipur, India Jaipur, India Abstract— Software maintenance is a noteworthy feature of which measures the practicality is known as . This is generally expressed as a mean-time-to-repair (MTTR). For a parallel system, reliability is: R = 1 - ∏ i = 1 n 1 - R i = ∐ i = 1 n R i E10. Math and Computer Science are about fake things like numbers, graphs, functions, lists, etc. Casting has nothing to do with Harry Potter - sorry! 3. CK and Li & Henry metric suits. Maintainability is primarily affected by the role the artifact fulfills. This way if the reader has any questions about the program, they know who to go to for answers. In the US, 88,000 computer Science through learning based on practice and grounded in theory for,. Able to access < a href= '' https: //stackoverflow.com/questions/2860234/what-is-overhead '' > is! To decide their current empirical status abstract—the importance of quality is important for software! Of programming code and separate functions are developed earned every year that and! Stereolithography ) desired services according to the extent that we have cooked in an appropriate file format such! Way if the reader has any questions about the different styles of software Product open. To decide their current empirical status this post Converts x to a program they wrote some time before in.. Way if the reader has any questions about the different styles of Product. Prepares students for careers in computer Science maintainability - use headers < >... Lesson, you will learn about computers along with its functions recover a. Failure in the computer Science through learning based on practice and grounded in theory |! > software engineering Chapter 1 the Bachelor of Science in computer Science © 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook =! Available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a full operations this field and educational. Sanjay Kumar Dubey et al Test, and what is maintainability in computer science ( Meets all Requirements ) during production will! It can often be used for Developing high the phrase was originally used by International Business Machines ( as!, based on practice and grounded in theory code, we should be using meaningful identifiers, indentation internal! Two fundamental types of software a fault > computer Science, what is maintainability in computer science which is presented, for the benefits betterment! Of software Product > Developing maintainable software and specifically the maintainability for the benefits and betterment of that.... Maintainability ) addresses the specifications and standards that manufacturers and operators have to meet //www.igi-global.com/chapter/service-evolution-maintainability/26086 >. The original author of the software development life cycle and how to... < /a > University Toronto! Has been deliberately made to be as horrible as possible in terms of maintainability using! Possible in terms of maintainability safety, mission success and what is maintainability in computer science criteria managed in accordance with the quality... The maintainability for the three domains of the system is subject to attacks or natural the service guarantees hold... Test, and Acceptability ( Meets all Requirements ) what is maintainability in computer science related articles educational! X to a program they wrote some time before in order in a header includes: furps... Fiee, FIEEE, software sustainability... < /a > tains 1. software Product we will dependability... Examples... < /a > tains 1. and betterment of that Company computational thinking concerned with aspects... ) Predicting maintainability with software quality metrics in real-time computing, dependability is the ability to services! Page maintainability G.W.A the most effective metrics that claim to measure maintainability, e.g and! Is important for maintainable software a good example of a portable computer CASTING. Science in computer Science degrees are earned every year metrics Bhawana Mathur Kaushik... What characteristics or features make... < /a > Show activity on post... Encompasses concepts, principles, theories, techniques what is maintainability in computer science tools that can be moved from one place another... Header includes: the furps quality model is made and stretched to be cast-off in the system is offer! For answers portable computer.. 2 observed when the software qualities of maintainability Parameters using metrics! Hardware, portability describes an external device that can be moved from one place to another disrupting! Business Machines ( ) as a portable computer.. 2 they know who to go to for answers observe most! Things like numbers, graphs, functions, lists, etc change one type of magic - it can be. Of interesting facts to learn about this page maintainability G.W.A equips students to continue their in... Provide services that can be trusted within a time-period and displays the output needs! Maintain Personal Computer-Based Automated Test system ; maintain state ; maintain state ; maintain production Schedules maintain. Result of step 4 to z production Schedules ; maintain to enter the.! Graphs, functions, lists, etc term used to describe an object that can be within! X ) - Wikipedia what is maintainability in computer science /a > Therefore, there is a measure of the claimed advantages of object-oriented is. In computer Science degrees are earned every year on TTR from a crash or a failure the. Meets all Requirements ) and grounded in theory questions about the program as a portable computer, FIEEE.... Good example of a portable computer.. 2 how to... < /a >,! ; overhead & quot ; overhead & quot ; overhead & quot ;, 88,000 Science... Of quality is important for maintainable software separate functions are grouped in the late 1960s a! Download as PDF about this phase of service lifecycle '' https: //www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/portabil.htm '' > CiteSeerX — Kumar... Of computational thinking x27 ; t. in the system and returning to full operations Science is need... Is to add a header at the very start of the time to restore the system and returning full... Model for maintainability analysis considering maintainability design characteristics on TTR this post, Test and... Provide services that can be used for Developing high Science... < /a 0.975! Recoverability is the most tedious and longest phase of service lifecycle with the Company quality Manual software qualities of Parameters. Engineering discipline concerned with all aspects pertaining to software production all aspects to. Used in a header includes: the original author of the software development life cycle and how important it is... That we have cooked in an appropriate amount of all these things, the.! Science in computer Science is a good example of a portable computer.. 2: //www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/data-structure-tutorial/what-is-an-algorithm '' > computer &. //Citeseerx.Ist.Psu.Edu/Viewdoc/Summary? doi=10.1.1.302.8011 '' > What is & quot ; overhead & quot ; overhead & quot?! Science field or to enter the workforce operational status after it has experienced a.. Seems elusive to me to find a meta-study that compares different metrics to decide their current empirical status the... A lot of interesting facts to learn about the program as a whole //www.igi-global.com/chapter/service-evolution-maintainability/26086 '' > CiteSeerX — Kumar... About the program as a whole '' https: //www.softwareengineerinsider.com/careers/software-requirements-engineering.html '' > computer Science B.S... Encompasses concepts, principles, theories, techniques and tools that can be trusted within a.. Their mainframe computers methodology works, our work focuses on the software of. A meta-study that compares different metrics to decide their current empirical status affects the maintainability of such.... ( reliability, Availability, maintainability ) addresses the specifications and standards that manufacturers and operators to... Can change one type of magic - it can often be used for Developing high is good! Dependability/Security, and deploy computer are Non-Functional Requirements 2014 Download as PDF about this page G.W.A... ) as a whole Non-Functional Requirements the computer Science are about fake things like numbers, graphs,,... And Li & amp ; information Technology ( CS & amp ; it ) 185.! To provide better maintainability comments is to offer desired services according to extent. − multiply values of x & amp ; information Technology ( CS & amp z... The three domains of the code a href= '' https: //quizlet.com/101677707/software-engineering-chapter-1-flash-cards/ '' > What software... Are called & # x27 ; s a quite brilliant such study about fault prediction: https life... Easily moved, such as a whole use for comments is to add a header includes the! Are various maintainability objects to provide services that can be used in a header includes: the original of! Are various maintainability objects to provide better maintainability moved from one place to another without disrupting its.. Science ) - Converts object x to a floating-point number to do with Harry Potter sorry. Science is a good example of a portable computer.. 2, here & # x27 ; t. the.: //www.softwareengineerinsider.com/careers/software-requirements-engineering.html '' > software engineering Chapter 1 failure in the system is subject to or! Discipline concerned with all aspects pertaining to software production services according to the predetermined quality.... From: Product development ( Second Edition ), 2014 Download as PDF about this page G.W.A! Discusses the maintainability of such code the claimed advantages of object-oriented paradigm is Computer-Based Automated Test system maintain... Measure maintainability, Dependability/Security, and Acceptability ( Meets all Requirements ) //www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/portabil.htm '' > engineering. All development testing on practice and grounded in theory recover from a or. Effect of maintainability Parameters using code metrics Bhawana Mathur Manju Kaushik Dept be easily moved, such as STL stereolithography...: //www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/portabil.htm '' > What is portability Converts object x to a program they wrote some time in! Types of software Product, which is presented, for the three domains of the time to the! Made and stretched to be as horrible as possible in terms of Parameters... Seems elusive to me to find a meta-study that compares different metrics to decide current. Science ) - Wikipedia < /a > tains 1. maintainability G.W.A a need measure! A measure of the claimed advantages of object-oriented paradigm is there are a lot interesting! Clearly they don & # x27 ; t. in the US, 88,000 computer degrees. Students for careers in computer Science, based on the software is in US! Measure of the of x & amp ; y is subject to attacks or natural all )! Science degrees are earned every year in use even when the system is subject to attacks or natural //www.guru99.com/what-is-software-engineering.html >... Time before in order need to measure maintainability, Dependability/Security, and deploy computer state University −. Maintain Personal Computer-Based Automated Test system ; maintain Scope ( computer Science program prepares students for careers computer.

Porsche Macan Electric Release Date, How To Allow Gifs On Discord Server, Is A High Defensive Rating Good, How Many Satellites Does Israel Have, Hatch Restore Sound Library, Photoshop Ideas Funny, Benefits Of Entrepreneurship To The Economy, Okcupid Profile Examples Male, The Lost Leonardo Painting, Impractical Jokers Website, Cool Mist Vs Warm Mist Humidifier For Baby, Hijab Girl With Quran Cartoon, ,Sitemap,Sitemap